SUMMARYJunk DNA and ghost DNA (Nov 6, 2026; user questions). JUNK DNA, Record: about 1–2% of the genome codes for proteins; "junk DNA" was Susumu Ohno's 1972 term for the rest. It holds gene switches, RNA genes, repeats and jumping genes (about 45%) and old viral DNA (about 8%). Disputed: how much is functional (ENCODE 2012 said about 80% shows "biochemical function"; critics put the clearly needed share around 5–15%). Many lineage markers, including Y markers like A00, sit in non-coding DNA, which is why they pass down unchanged. Lens: "junk" named what wasn't understood (Rule 14). GHOST DNA, Record: ancestry from peoples known only by the trace they left in living people's DNA, with no bones yet. West Africans carry about 2–19% from an unknown archaic "ghost" population (Durvasula and Sankararaman, Science Advances 2020). Some Amazonian peoples (Suruí, Karitiana) carry "Population Y," a signal tied to Australasians and Papuans, absent from other Native Americans (Skoglund et al., Nature 2015). Native Americans carry about a third of their ancestry from Ancient North Eurasians, first a ghost, then found in the Mal'ta boy of Siberia, about 24,000 years old (Raghavan et al., Nature 2014). Denisovans are known almost only from DNA (finger bone, 2010). Pattern (backs part of Tito's "different origins"): living people carry lines from peoples science never named or found; the Amazon's Population Y means more than one source people reached the Americas.