Confederations across the Americas, and "the white"

SUMMARYConfederations across the Americas, and "the white" (Nov 6, 2026; user drops). CONFEDERATIONS, Record: the League of Mayapán (Yucatán, about 1200–1440s); the Mexica Triple Alliance (1428); the Haudenosaunee (Six Nations) under the Great Law of Peace. Congress (H.Con.Res. 331, 1988) says the framers, "most notably" Washington and Franklin, "greatly admired" it and that the union "was influenced by the political system developed by the Iroquois Confederacy." Also the Powhatan paramountcy; the Muscogee and Wabanaki confederacies; Palmares (11 towns, about 1605–1695); the Jamaican Maroons (treaties 1739); Suriname's Ndyuka and Saramaka (treaties 1760, 1762); the Western Confederacy (Little Turtle, Blue Jacket, 1785–95); Tecumseh's confederacy (1805–13), with Tecumseh traveling south to the Creek in 1811. Record (links across regions): Pétion arms Bolívar (1816); Denmark Vesey's plan (1822) looked to Haiti; Aponte's conspiracy in Cuba (1812) kept images of Haiti's leaders. Pattern: confederation was the land's way to organize, from Mayapán to Palmares to the Haudenosaunee, and the US founders learned from it. Continent-wide coordination: Lens, OPEN. THE WHITE, Record (when "white" entered the law): Virginia 1691: "whatsoever English or other white man or woman being free shall intermarry with a negroe, mulatto, or Indian" is banished "forever," to stop "abominable mixture and spurious issue." Pattern: "white" was written into law to wall one group off from the people of the land (negroes, mulattoes and Indians named together); compare Plecker (1924) and Dessalines (1805: all Haytians "known only by the generic appellation of Blacks," P791). "WHITE GODS," Disputed: the story that the Mexica took the Spanish for gods (Quetzalcoatl's return) first shows up in López de Gómara (about 1552), Cortés's chaplain, who never went to Mexico. Cortés's own letters don't say it; Camilla Townsend finds no real pre-conquest Quetzalcoatl-return story. Rule 14: the conqueror's own writer set that story. The same test applies to Columbus's journal line that the Taíno thought the Spanish came "from heaven." WHITE AND THE DEAD, Record: Kongo cosmology puts the land of the dead across the water, the Kalunga line; captives saw the Atlantic as that line

OPENKongo naming Europeans as beings from the land of the dead (mundele; mpemba, white clay of the dead), needs a primary source (MacGaffey, Thornton)

CODE (Tito)wight / white, beings from the land of the dead.