Modern doubt: did Makandal poison anyone at all? (scholarship, 2021–2023)
Pattern: documents line upLens: our readingOpen: not yet provenDisputed: argued, often by a hostile witness
Year: 2021 · Places: Ayiti
SUMMARYModern doubt: did Makandal poison anyone at all? (scholarship, 2021–2023) [Connections: Ayiti spirit, first-person, Nov 5, 2026]
DISPUTEDHistorian John Garrigus (William and Mary Quarterly 78:4, 2021; A Secret Among the Blacks, 2023) disputes the poisoning claims; Wikipedia also notes Makandal "never confessed to poisoning."
PATTERNThe "poison" image rests on a colonial prosecution
LENS (WW9)The charge came from the court that wanted him dead; evidence for the status quo story is thin