A Haitian historian: Makandal was learned and read Arabic (Port-au-Prince, 1847–48)
Record: the document says itPattern: documents line upLens: our readingOpen: not yet proven
Year: 1847 · Places: Ayiti
SUMMARYA Haitian historian: Makandal was learned and read Arabic (Port-au-Prince, 1847–48) [Connections: Ayiti spirit, first-person, Nov 5, 2026]
RECORDThomas Madiou, Histoire d'Haïti (1848), p. 528, wrote that Makandal "had instruction and possessed the Arabic language very well" (as quoted on Wikipedia). INSIDER witness (Haitian historian, nearly a century after the events)
PATTERNThe Haitian record presents the "sorcerer" as a literate man of learning
LENS (WW9)Same man, two files: "poisoner" in the colonist's book, scholar in our own
OPENConfirm volume and page in the 1847–48 edition