John Horse: "of African American, American Indian, and Spanish descent" (Florida to Oklahoma to Coahuila, c. 1812–1882)
Record: the document says itPattern: documents line upLens: our readingOpen: not yet proven
Year: 1812 · Places: Florida, Oklahoma & the Five Tribes, Mexico, Europe, Africa
SUMMARYJohn Horse: "of African American, American Indian, and Spanish descent" (Florida to Oklahoma to Coahuila, c. 1812–1882) [Connections: Five Tribes, Florida & maroons, Nov 5, 2026]
RECORDOHS (Jon D. May): John Horse was born in Florida around 1812, "a Seminole slave of African American, American Indian, and Spanish descent," also known as Juan Caballo, Gopher John, John Cowaya and John Cavallo; he helped found a Black Seminole settlement near present-day Wewoka in spring 1849, then that autumn went with Seminole chief Wild Cat (Coacoochee) and about twenty Black Seminole families to Coahuila, where he became a captain in the Mexican army; he died in Mexico in 1882
PATTERNa named man whose own encyclopedia entry lists Indigenous descent and who led Seminole people across three countries
LENS (WW9)the record itself says he was born of the land, then calls him a slave
OPENwho his parents were; needs deep research (Kenneth Porter, The Black Seminoles). Note: Texas Scouts topic is already in the Library, so this card stops at Coahuila