Abraham, Black Seminole interpreter and "Tustenuggee"; his town dug in 2001 (Florida, 1830s)
Record: the document says itPattern: documents line upLens: our readingOpen: not yet proven
Year: 1830 · Places: Florida, Oklahoma & the Five Tribes
SUMMARYAbraham, Black Seminole interpreter and "Tustenuggee"; his town dug in 2001 (Florida, 1830s) [Connections: Five Tribes, Florida & maroons, Nov 5, 2026]
RECORDState Archives of Florida holds a portrait titled "Abraham, Black Seminole interpreter and war leader. 1836 (circa)," with a note that he "attained the title of 'Tustenuggee', which placed him in the upper echelon of Seminole war leaders." University of Florida (2001) reports the first excavation of "Abraham's Old Town" (Peliklikaha), about 10 miles east of Dade Battlefield, where Abraham led a Black Seminole town and interpreted for Chief Micanopy; the team noted 1830s military documents that call the Black residents "masters of the Seminole."
PATTERNa Black man with a Seminole war title and his own town inside the nation
LENS (WW9)Seminole title, Seminole town, Seminole council voice
OPENthe excavation's results (Terrance Weik's later publications)
SOURCEFlorida Memory item 31651; UF News, June 14, 2001.