Boley: built on a Creek freedman's daughter's allotment (Creek Nation, Indian Territory, 1903)
Record: the document says itPattern: documents line upLens: our readingOpen: not yet proven
Year: 1903 · Places: Florida, Oklahoma & the Five Tribes, Africa
SUMMARYBoley: built on a Creek freedman's daughter's allotment (Creek Nation, Indian Territory, 1903) [Connections: Five Tribes, Florida & maroons, Nov 5, 2026]
RECORDOHS (Larry O'Dell) says Boley began in 1903, incorporated 1905, on the allotment of Abigail, daughter of James Barnett, a Creek freedman. Booker T. Washington (1905) called it "the most enterprising and in many ways the most interesting of the Negro towns in the United States." OHS counts "more than fifty identifiable towns and settlements" (1865–1920), "only thirteen" surviving, and says Indian freedmen mostly "chose land next to other African Americans."
PATTERNthe all-Black towns sit on Creek and other nations' allotments held by freedmen
LENS (WW9)the "Black towns" stand on nation land, allotted to the nations' own freedmen
OPENwhich other towns (Rentiesville, Red Bird, Tullahassee, Taft) sit on freedmen allotments: needs deep research in allotment jackets