Driven out after 1831, called "much mixed with negroes" (Northampton County, VA, 1831–1833)
Record: the document says itPattern: documents line upLens: our readingOpen: not yet proven
Year: 1831 · Places: Virginia, Northeast, Mexico
SUMMARYDriven out after 1831, called "much mixed with negroes" (Northampton County, VA, 1831–1833) [Connections: Virginia & Eastern Shore, Nov 5, 2026]
RECORDThe Library of Virginia says about three-fourths of the individual owners kept their plots until 1831, "when most were forced out" after the Southampton insurrection. The Smithsonian's Handbook of American Indians entry "Gangasco" (as reproduced by AccessGenealogy) says the Gingaskins "were driven off in 1833, being then much mixed with negroes." HOSTILE
WITNESSThis is a federal ethnology entry written after the people had been pushed out. "Much mixed" is the source's own label
PATTERNThe same people show up in the record as "Indians" when they hold land and as "negroes" once the land is gone
LENS (WW9)Pushed off their land and then described by their enemies' word for them. "Renamed Black. Born Aboriginal."
OPENThe Library of Virginia gives 1831 and the Handbook gives 1833, so the date needs reconciling. Where the families went (the Eastern Shore Post and local tradition point north to Maryland) needs deep research. A Northampton petition of 6 Dec. 1831 asks that the county's "free negroes" be sent to Liberia. It does not name the Gingaskin, so any link between the two is still unproven
SOURCELVA blog; AccessGenealogy, "Gangasco"; Encyclopedia Virginia, Petition from Citizens of Northampton County, 6 Dec. 1831. Primary: Hodge, Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico (BAE Bulletin 30); Root, Sons of the Fathers (2010), 310–312.