Flip test: "Maybe the original Cartagena is the Indias one"

SUMMARYFlip test: "Maybe the original Cartagena is the Indias one" (Nov 3, 2026)

RECORD (age of the place)Puerto Hormiga pottery near Cartagena de Indias dates to about 3100 BC, more than 2,000 years before Carthage's traditional founding (814 BC) and about 2,900 years before Carthago Nova (227 BC). The Colombian coast was a settled place first

RECORD (the land's own name)the town where Heredia planted the city in 1533 was Calamarí (Kalamarí), a village of the Mocaná/Karib-speaking people. The Spanish say Rodrigo de Bastidas named the bay "Cartagena" in 1501 because it looked like the bay of Cartagena in Spain; that is their own explanation of their own label (hostile witness, Rule 3)

RECORD (the Spanish side)Carthago Nova is in Polybius and Livy, and Punic-era walls are excavated in Cartagena, Spain

LENSthe place is older than the name; Calamarí was standing before Carthage existed, and the "Cartagena" label laid over it is the rewrite. OPEN, needs deep research: whether "Calamarí" or another local name shows up in any old-world text or map, and whether the "New City" idea traveled east before it traveled west.