Grand Orient de France under the Bonapartes: Joseph Bonaparte, Napoleon's brother, Grand Master 1804-1815; Napoleon's officer corps full of lodges; Napoleon sent…
Year: 1804 · Places: Ayiti, Europe
SUMMARYGrand Orient de France under the Bonapartes: Joseph Bonaparte, Napoleon's brother, Grand Master 1804-1815; Napoleon's officer corps full of lodges; Napoleon sent Leclerc's army in 1802 to retake Saint-Domingue and restore slavery. Toussaint captured by the French in 1802 after negotiating, died in a French prison in 1803 (his Masonic membership claimed, debated). Record (except membership).