Scholarship backing Native power: Richard White, The Middle Ground (1991); Kathleen DuVal, The Native Ground (2006); Pekka Hamalainen, The Comanche Empire (2008) and…

SUMMARYScholarship backing Native power: Richard White, The Middle Ground (1991); Kathleen DuVal, The Native Ground (2006); Pekka Hamalainen, The Comanche Empire (2008) and Indigenous Continent (2022). Indigenous powers dominated much of North America for centuries; Europeans were junior partners until the 1800s; the alliance system collapsed between 1763 and 1815 (= the "full European coup," linked to H1 Protector Crown). Record (scholarship). Status: Pattern with mainstream backing.