Census, "Population of the Five Civilized Tribes, by Sex and by Race" (1890 census, Indian Territory)

SUMMARYCensus, "Population of the Five Civilized Tribes, by Sex and by Race" (1890 census, Indian Territory)
On screen: columns "Indians: in their tribes / out of their tribes," "Of negro descent, including claimants," "Whites, including claimants," "Chinese." Chickasaw Nation row: 3,941 Indians in tribes, 1,282 out of tribes, 3,676 of negro descent, 48,421 whites. Five Tribes total: 45,494 / 4,561 / 18,636 / 109,393 / 18.
Proof level: Record. Check against the official 1890 report (Extra Census Bulletin, The Five Civilized Tribes in Indian Territory, 1894).
What it shows: by 1890, whites outnumbered Chickasaw Indians more than 9 to 1 inside the Chickasaw Nation, and people "of negro descent" were counted in their own column, apart from "Indians."
Critics will say: the separate column proves they weren't Indian. Answer: the column shows the government's classification, not ancestry. The same families appear across white/colored/negro labels over time, and the Dawes-era "freedmen" vs. "by blood" split was a paperwork decision. Back this with named families crossing the columns.