Medicine and drugs

Medical firsts, drugs by year of discovery, vaccines, and the abuses on record. 120 points on the WW9 Atlas, oldest first, each with its source.

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• Mondino de Luzzi1500 · Italian physician and anatomist (c.1270–1326) (placed at Bologna)Known works: Q2845547. 1275 –1326 – Mondino de Luzzi "Mundinus" carries out the first systematic human dissections since Herophilus of Chalcedon and Erasistratus of Ceos 1500 years earlier. Anathomia , 1541https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondino_de_Luzzi
• Antonio Benivieni1502 · Florentine physician (placed at Florence)1443 – 1502 – Antonio Benivieni Pathological anatomyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Benivieni
• Royal College of Physicians1518 · British professional body of doctors1518 – College of Physicians founded, now known as Royal College of Physicians of London is a British professional body of doctors of general medicine and its subspecialties. It received the royal charter in 1518https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians
• Paracelsus1541 · Swiss physician, philosopher, theologian, and alchemist (c. 1493 – 1541) (placed at Egg)1493 – 1541 – Paracelsus On the relationship between medicine and surgery surgery bookhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracelsus
• Andreas Vesalius1543 · Anatomist, physician and author (1514–1564) (placed at Mont aux Potences - Galgenberg)Known works: De humani corporis fabrica. 1543 – Andreas Vesalius publishes De Fabrica Corporis Humani which corrects Greek medical errors and revolutionizes European medicinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Vesalius
• Girolamo Fracastoro1546 · Italian physician, poet, and scholar (placed at Verona)1546 – Girolamo Fracastoro proposes that epidemic diseases are caused by transferable seedlike entitieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Fracastoro
• Michael Servetus1553 · 16th-century Spanish theologian, physician, cartographer and Renaissance humanist (placed at Villanueva de Sigena)1553 – Miguel Servet describes the circulation of blood through the lungs .https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Servetus
• Amatus Lusitanus1556 · Portuguese physician (1511–1568) (placed at Castelo Branco)1556 – Amato Lusitano describes venous valves in the Ázigos veinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amatus_Lusitanus
• Realdo Colombo1559 · Italian anatomy professor and surgeon (c.1515–1559) (placed at Cremona)1559 – Realdo Colombo describes the circulation of blood through the lungs in detailhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realdo_Colombo
• Garcia de Orta1563 · Portuguese botanist (1501–1568) (placed at Castelo de Vide)1563 – Garcia de Orta founds tropical medicine with his treatise on Indian diseases and treatmentshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garcia_de_Orta
• Microscope1590 · Scientific instrument for observing small objects (placed at The Hague (where Zaccarias Janssen was born))Invented or discovered by: Zaccarias Janssen, Hans Janssen, Hans Lippershay. Made by: microscope maker. 1590 – Microscope is invented, which played a huge part in medical advancementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscope
• Dioscorides1600 · Greek pharmacologist (1st century AD) (placed at Anazarbus)Known works: De materia medica. 50 – 70 AD – Pedanius Dioscorides writes De Materia Medica – a precursor of modern pharmacopoeias that was in use for almost 1600 yearshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscorides
• Hieronymus Fabricius1603 · Italian physician, anatomist and surgeon (1533–1619) (placed at Acquapendente)1603 – Girolamo Fabrici studies leg veins and notices that they have valves which allow blood to flow only toward the hearthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieronymus_Fabricius
• William Harvey1628 · English physician (1578–1657) (placed at Folkestone)1628 – William Harvey explains the circulatory system in Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Harvey
• Robert Hooke1665 · English polymath (1635–1703) (placed at Freshwater)Known works: Micrographia, Hooke's law, Church of St Mary Magdalene, Montagu House, Bethlem Royal Hospital at Moorfields. 1665 – Robert Hooke identifies and names cells after observing them in cork under a microscope, although he did not identify their connection to life.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hooke
• Lorenz Heister1683 · German anatomist, surgeon and botanist (placed at Frankfurt)1683 – 1758 – Lorenz Heisterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenz_Heister
• William Cheselden1688 · English surgeon (1688–1752) (placed at Somerby)1688 – 1752 – William Cheseldenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cheselden
• Giacomo Pylarini1701 · (placed at Lixouri)1701 – Giacomo Pylarini gives the first smallpox inoculations in Europe. They have been widely practised in the East before then.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Pylarini
• Percivall Pott1714 · English surgeon (1714–1788) (placed at London)1714 – 1789 – Percivall Potthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percivall_Pott
• Lady Mary Wortley Montagu1720 · English writer and poet (1689–1762) (placed at Nottingham)1720 – Lady Mary Wortley Montaguhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Mary_Wortley_Montagu
• John Hunter (surgeon)1728 · British surgeon (1728–1793) (placed at East Kilbride)1728 – 1793 – John Hunterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hunter_%28surgeon%29
• Claudius Amyand (surgeon)1736 · French surgeon (placed at Paris)1736 – Claudius Aymand performs the first successful appendectomyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius_Amyand_%28surgeon%29
• Pierre-Joseph Desault1744 · French anatomist and surgeon (placed at Vouhenans)1744 – 1795 – Pierre-Joseph Desault First surgical periodicalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Desault
• James Lind1747 · Scottish physician (1716–1794) (placed at Edinburgh)1747 – James Lind discovers that citrus fruits prevent scurvyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lind
• Benjamin Bell1749 · Scottish surgeon (1749–1806) (placed at Dumfries)1749 – 1806 – Benjamin Bell – Leading surgeon of his time and father of a surgical dynasty, author of "A System of Surgery"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Bell
• Antonio Scarpa1752 · Italian anatomist and professor (placed at Motta di Livenza)1752 – 1832 – Antonio Scarpahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Scarpa
• John Bell (surgeon)1763 · Scottish anatomist and surgeon (1763–1820) (placed at Edinburgh)Known works: The Principles of Surgery, Discourses on the Nature and Cure of Wounds, The Anatomy of the Human Body. 1763 – 1820 – John Bellhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bell_%28surgeon%29
• Dominique Jean Larrey1766 · French surgeon and soldier (1766–1842) (placed at Beaudéan)1766 – 1842 – Dominique Jean Larrey Surgeon to Napoleonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Jean_Larrey
• Astley Cooper1768 · British surgeon and anatomist (1768–1841) (placed at Norfolk)1768 – 1843 – Astley Cooper surgeon lectures principles and practicehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astley_Cooper
• Charles Bell1774 · Scottish surgeon, anatomist, artist and theologian (1774–1842) (placed at Edinburgh)Known works: A System of Dissections, explaining the Anatomy of the Human Body, the manner of displaying Parts and their Varieties in Disease, The Anatomy of the Human Body, A System of Operative Surgery, Idea of a New Anatomy of the Brain, The Nervous System of the Human Body, XXVIII. On the nerveshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bell
• Joseph Priestley1774 · English chemist and polymath (1733–1804) (placed at Birstall)1774 – Joseph Priestley discovers nitrous oxide , nitric oxide , ammonia , hydrogen chloride and oxygenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Priestley
• Guillaume Dupuytren1777 · French anatomist and military surgeon (1777–1835) (placed at Pierre-Buffière)1777 – 1835 – Baron Guillaume Dupuytren – Head surgeon at Hôtel-Dieu de Paris , The age Dupuytrenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Dupuytren
• William Withering1785 · English scientist (1741–1799) (placed at Wellington)1785 – William Withering publishes "An Account of the Foxglove" the first systematic description of digitalis in treating dropsyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Withering
• Samuel Hahnemann1790 · German physician who created homeopathy (1755–1843) (placed at Meissen)1790 – Samuel Hahnemann rages against the prevalent practice of bloodletting as a universal cure and founds homeopathyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Hahnemann
• Edward Jenner1796 · English physician (1749–1823) (placed at Berkeley)Known works: smallpox vaccine, vaccination. 1796 – Edward Jenner develops a smallpox vaccination methodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Jenner
• Humphry Davy1799 · British chemist and inventor (1778–1829) (placed at Penzance)1799 – Humphry Davy discovers the anesthetic properties of nitrous oxidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy
• Code of Hammurabi1800 · Babylonian legal text (placed at Babylon)1800 BC – Code of Hammurabi sets out fees for surgeons and punishments for malpracticehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi
• J. Marion Sims1813 · Experiments on captive women · American physician and gynecologist (1813–1883) (placed at Lancaster County)1813–1883 – James Marion Sims vesico-vaganial surgery Father of surgical gynecology.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Marion_Sims
• James Blundell (physician)1818 · British obstetrician (1790–1878) (placed at London)1818 – James Blundell performs the first successful human transfusion .https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Blundell_%28physician%29
• Crawford Long1842 · American physician (1815–1878) (placed at Danielsville)1842 – Crawford Long performs the first surgical operation using anesthesia with ether .https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawford_Long
• Ignaz Semmelweis1847 · Early pioneer of antiseptic procedures (placed at Tabán)1847 – Ignaz Semmelweis discovers how to prevent puerperal fever .https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignaz_Semmelweis
• Elizabeth Blackwell1849 · British-American physician (1821–1910) (placed at Bristol)1849 – Elizabeth Blackwell is the first woman to gain a medical degree in the United States.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackwell
• Aspirin1853 · Anti-inflammatory medication (placed at Scilla (where Raffaele Piria was born))Invented or discovered by: Raffaele Piria, Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe, Charles Frédéric Gerhardt, Arthur Eichengrün, Felix Hoffmann. 1853 Acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin) 1899https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin
• Rudolf Virchow1858 · German doctor and polymath (1821–1902) (placed at Świdwin)1858 – Rudolf Carl Virchow 13 October 1821 – 5 September 1902 his theories of cellular pathology spelled the end of Humoral medicine .https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow
• Louis Pasteur1861 · French chemist, pharmacist and microbiologist (1822–1895) (placed at Dole)Known works: rabies vaccine, Pasteur Institute. 1861 – Louis Pasteur discovers the germ theory of disease .https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur
• Snellen chart1861 · Eye chart (placed at Zeist (where Hermann Snellen was born))Invented or discovered by: Hermann Snellen. Discovered or invented: 1862. 1861 – Snellen chart developed by Herman Snellen .https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snellen_chart
• Joseph Lister1867 · English scientist, surgeon and antiseptic pioneer (1827–1912) (placed at Upton House, Newham)Known works: A Method of Antiseptic Treatment Applicable to Wounded Soldiers in the Present War. 1867 – Lister publishes Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery , based partly on Pasteur's work.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lister
• Mannitol1877 · Chemical compound (placed at New York City (Pfizer headquarters))Made by: Pfizer. 1877 Mannitol Julije Domac 1877 1950https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannitol
• Ellis Reynolds Shipp1878 · American physician (placed at United States)1878 – Ellis Reynolds Shipp graduates from the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania and begins practice in Utah.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_Reynolds_Shipp
• Cholera vaccine1884 · Vaccine to prevent cholera (placed at Berdiansk (where Waldemar Haffkine was born))Invented or discovered by: Waldemar Haffkine, Jaume Ferran i Clua, Wilhelm Kolle. 1884-1885 – First vaccine for cholera by Jaime Ferran y Cluahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera_vaccine
• Willem Einthoven1887 · Dutch physiologist (1860–1927) (placed at Semarang)1887 – Willem Einthoven invents electrocardiography (ECG/EKG)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Einthoven
• Emil von Behring1890 · German physiologist (1854–1917) (placed at Ławice)1890 – Emil von Behring discovers antitoxins and uses them to develop tetanus and diphtheria vaccines.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_von_Behring
• Alois Alzheimer1901 · German psychiatrist and neuropathologist (1864–1915) (placed at Marktbreit)1901 – Alois Alzheimer identifies the first case of what becomes known as Alzheimer's diseasehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alois_Alzheimer
• Karl Landsteiner1901 · Austrian-American immunologist (1868–1943) (placed at Baden)Known works: blood type. 1901 – Karl Landsteiner discovers the existence of different human blood typeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Landsteiner
• Frederick Gowland Hopkins1906 · English biochemist (1861–1947) (placed at Eastbourne)1906 – Frederick Hopkins suggests the existence of vitamins and suggests that a lack of vitamins causes scurvy and ricketshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins
• Henry Stanley Plummer1907 · American physician (1874–1936) (placed at Hamilton)1907 – Henry Stanley Plummer develops the first structured patient record and clinical number (Mayo clinic)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Stanley_Plummer
• Paul Ehrlich1907 · German physician and scientist (1854–1915) (placed at Strzelin)1907 – Paul Ehrlich develops a chemotherapeutic cure for sleeping sicknesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich
• Victor Horsley1908 · British physiologist and surgeon (1857–1916) (placed at Kensington)1908 – Victor Horsley and R. Clarke invents the stereotactic methodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Horsley
• Intrauterine device1909 · Form of birth control (placed at Adelebsen (where Ernst Gräfenberg was born))Invented or discovered by: Ernst Gräfenberg. 1909 – First intrauterine device described by Richard Richter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrauterine_device
• Hans Christian Jacobaeus1910 · Swedish internist (1879–1937) (placed at Q10669792)1910 – Hans Christian Jacobaeus performs the first laparoscopy on humanshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Christian_Jacobaeus
• Julius Wagner-Jauregg1917 · Austrian physician and nobelist (1857–1940) (placed at Wels)1917 – Julius Wagner-Jauregg discovers the malarial fever shock therapy for general paresis of the insanehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Wagner-Jauregg
• Edward Mellanby1921 · British biochemist and nutritionist (placed at West Hartlepool)1921 – Edward Mellanby discovers vitamin D and shows that its absence causes ricketshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Mellanby
• Frederick Banting1921 · Canadian medical scientist and doctor (1891–1941) (placed at Alliston)1921 – Frederick Banting and Charles Best discover insulin – important for the treatment of diabeteshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Banting
• Hans Berger1924 · German psychiatrist (1873-1941) (placed at Neuses)1924 – Hans Berger discovers human electroencephalographyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Berger
• Levothyroxine1927 · Thyroid hormone medication (placed at Bourgoin-Jallieu)1927 Levothyroxine Harington and Barger Synthesis, 1927 N/A 1927 ( Synthetic hormone )https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levothyroxine
• Penicillin1928 · Group of antibiotics derived from fungi (placed at Lochfield (where Alexander Fleming was born))Invented or discovered by: Alexander Fleming. Discovered or invented: 1928. 1928 Penicillin Alexander Fleming , 1928 1928 1928 Never patentedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin
• Gerhard Domagk1932 · German bacteriologist (1895–1964) (placed at Łagów)1932 – Gerhard Domagk develops a chemotherapeutic cure for streptococcushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Domagk
• Prontosil1932 · Nonantibiotic antimicrobial drug (placed at Łagów (where Gerhard Domagk was born))Invented or discovered by: Gerhard Domagk. Discovered or invented: 1932. 1932 Prontosil Gerhard Domagk , Josef Klarer and Fritz Mietzsch 1932 N/A N/A 1938https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prontosil
• Manfred Sakel1933 · Austrian-American neurophysiologist and psychiatrist (1900–1957) (placed at Nadvirna)1933 – Manfred Sakel discovers insulin shock therapyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_Sakel
• Ladislas J. Meduna1935 · Psychiatrist and neuropathologist (1896-1964) (placed at Budapest)1935 – Ladislas J. Meduna discovers metrazol shock therapyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladislas_J._Meduna
• António Egas Moniz1936 · Portuguese neurologist (1874–1955) (placed at Avanca)1936 – Egas Moniz discovers prefrontal lobotomy for treating mental diseases; Enrique Finochietto develops the now ubiquitous self-retaining thoracic retractorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Egas_Moniz
• Howard Florey1938 · Australian pathologist (1898–1968) (placed at Adelaide)1938 – Howard Florey and Ernst Chain investigate Penicillin and attempted to mass-produce it and tested it on the policeman Albert Alexander (police officer) who recovered but died due to a lack of Penicillinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Florey
• LSD1938 · Psychedelic drug (placed at Baden (where Albert Hofmann was born))Invented or discovered by: Albert Hofmann. Discovered or invented: 1938. 1938 Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) Albert Hofmann , Sandoz 1938 1938 1958https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSD
• Ugo Cerletti1938 · Italian neurologist (placed at Conegliano)1938 – Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini discover electroconvulsive therapyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugo_Cerletti
• Willem Johan Kolff1943 · Dutch medical researcher (1911–2009) (placed at Leiden)1943 – Willem J. Kolff builds the first dialysis machinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Johan_Kolff
• World Health Organization1948 · Specialized agency of the United Nations1948 – The World Health Organization (WHO) is founded as a specialised agency of the United Nations .https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization
• Jonas Salk1952 · American inventor of the polio vaccine (1914–1995) (placed at New York City)1952 – Jonas Salk develops the first polio vaccine (available in 1955)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk
• Polio vaccine1952 · Vaccine to prevent poliomyelitis (placed at University of Pittsburgh)Invented or discovered by: Jonas Salk. 1952 – First vaccine for polio by Jonas Salkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polio_vaccine
• Joseph E. Murray1954 · American plastic surgeon (1919–2012) (placed at Milford)1954 – Joseph Murray performs the first human kidney transplant (on identical twins)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_E._Murray
• Tetracycline1955 · Antibiotic (placed at Orange (where Lloyd Conover was born))Invented or discovered by: Lloyd Conover. 1955 – Tetracycline – Lloyd Conoverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracycline
• Methylprednisolone1956 · Corticosteroid medication (placed at New York City (Pfizer headquarters))Made by: Pfizer. 1956 Methylprednisolone 1956 1956 1956 1976https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylprednisolone
• Bupivacaine1957 · Local anaesthetic drug (placed at New York City (Pfizer headquarters))Made by: Pfizer. 1957 Bupivacaine 1957 1957 1957 1977https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bupivacaine
• Mepivacaine1957 · Local anaesthetic (placed at New York City (Pfizer headquarters))Made by: Pfizer. 1957 Mepivacaine A. F. Ekenstam, 1957 1957 1957 1977https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mepivacaine
• Spironolactone1957 · Steroidal antiandrogen and antimineralocorticoid (placed at New York City (Pfizer headquarters))Made by: Pfizer. 1957 Spironolactone 1957 1957 1957 1977https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spironolactone
• William Grey Walter1957 · British neurophysiologist (1910–1977) (placed at Kansas City)1957 – William Grey Walter invents the brain EEG topography (toposcope)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grey_Walter
• Fentanyl1960 · Opioid medication (placed at Turnhout (where Paul Janssen was born))Invented or discovered by: Paul Janssen. 1960 Fentanyl Paul Janssen, Janssen Pharmaceutica 1960 1960 1969 1980https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanyl
• Combined oral contraceptive pill1961 · Birth control method taken orally (placed at Massachusetts)Invented or discovered by: Ferdinand Peeters. 1960 – First combined oral contraceptive approved by the FDAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill
• Ibuprofen1961 · Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (placed at Byfield (where Stewart Adams was born))Invented or discovered by: Stewart Adams. 1961 Ibuprofen Boots Group , 1961 1961 1969 1981https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibuprofen
• Albert Sabin1962 · Polish-American medical researcher (1906–1993) (placed at Białystok)Known works: polio vaccine. 1962 – Albert Sabin develops first oral polio vaccinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Sabin
• Furosemide1962 · Loop diuretic medication (placed at New York City (Pfizer headquarters))Made by: Pfizer. 1962 Furosemide Calvin L. Stevens , Parke-Davis 1962 1962 1982https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furosemide
• Artificial heart1963 · Mechanical device which replaces the heart (placed at Novonikolayevsky District (where Vladimir Demikhov was born))Invented or discovered by: Vladimir Demikhov. 1963 – Artificial heart – Paul Winchellhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_heart
• Diazepam1963 · Benzodiazepine sedative (placed at New York City (Pfizer headquarters))Made by: Pfizer. 1963 – Valium ( diazepam ) – Leo H. Sternbachhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diazepam
• Indometacin1963 · Anti-inflammatory drug (placed at New York City (Pfizer headquarters))Made by: Pfizer. 1963 Indometacin 1963 1963 1965 1983https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indometacin
• James Hardy (surgeon)1963 · American researcher, surgeon and author (1918–2003) (placed at Alabama)1963 – James Hardy performs the first human lung transplanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hardy_%28surgeon%29
• Thomas Starzl1963 · American physician (1926–2017) (placed at Le Mars)1963 – Thomas Starzl performs the first human liver transplanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Starzl
• Frank Pantridge1965 · Northern Irish cardiologist and inventor (1916–2004) (placed at Royal Hillsborough)1965 – Frank Pantridge installs the first portable defibrillatorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Pantridge
• C. Walton Lillehei1966 · American physician (placed at Minneapolis)1966 – C. Walton Lillehei performs the first human pancreas transplanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Walton_Lillehei
• Christiaan Barnard1967 · South African cardiac surgeon (1922–2001) (placed at Beaufort West)1967 – Christiaan Barnard performs the first human heart transplanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Barnard
• Cochlear implant1969 · Prosthesis enabling hearing (placed at Kansas City (where William F. House was born))Invented or discovered by: William F. House. 1969 – Cochlear implant – William Househttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochlear_implant
• Cimetidine1971 · Medication (placed at Bradford (where John Colin Emmett was born))Invented or discovered by: John Colin Emmett. 1971 Cimetidine James Black , 1971 1971https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimetidine
• Godfrey Hounsfield1971 · British electrical engineer (1919–2004) (placed at Sutton on Trent)1971 – Sir Godfrey Hounsfield invents the first commercial CT scannerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Hounsfield
• Propofol1977 · Intravenous medication used in anesthesia (placed at New York City (Pfizer headquarters))Made by: Pfizer. 1977 Propofol John Bradshaw, Allen & Hanburys , 1977 1981https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propofol
• Hepatitis B vaccine1980 · Vaccine against hepatitis B (placed at Brooklyn (where Baruch Samuel Blumberg was born))Invented or discovered by: Baruch Samuel Blumberg. 1980 – First vaccine for hepatitis B – Baruch Samuel Blumberghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_B_vaccine
• Raymond Damadian1980 · American physician and inventor (1936–2022) (placed at New York City)Known works: magnetic resonance imaging. 1980 – Raymond Damadian builds first commercial MRI scannerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Damadian
• Fluoxetine1986 · SSRI antidepressant (placed at British Hong Kong (where David T. Wong was born))Invented or discovered by: David T. Wong. 1986 – Fluoxetine HCl – Eli Lilly and Cohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine
• Ondansetron1987 · Antiemetic medication (placed at New York City (Pfizer headquarters))Made by: Pfizer. 1987 Ondansetron David Jack , 1987 1990 2006https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondansetron
• Laguna Hills, California1991 · City in California, United States2014 - Sonendo, a medical technology company based in Laguna Hills, California , introduces the GentleWave system in the United States for root canal treatments .https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Hills%2C_California
• Dolly (sheep)1996 · First cloned mammal (1996–2003) (placed at The Roslin Institute)1996 – Dolly the Sheep clonedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolly_%28sheep%29
• Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine2000 · Vaccine against Strep pneumoniae (placed at New York City (Pfizer headquarters))Made by: Pfizer. 2000 – First pneumococcal conjugate vaccine approved in the U.S. (PCV7 or Prevnar)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumococcal_conjugate_vaccine
• Carlo Urbani2003 · Italian physician and microbiologist (placed at Castelplanio)2003 – Carlo Urbani , of Doctors without Borders alerted the World Health Organization to the threat of the SARS virus, triggering the most effective response to an epidemic in history. Urbani succumbs to the disease himself in less than a month.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Urbani
• Jean-Michel Dubernard2005 · French medical doctor and politician (1941–2021) (placed at 3rd arrondissement of Lyon)2005 – Jean-Michel Dubernard performs the first partial face transplant .https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Michel_Dubernard
• Sofosbuvir2007 · Chemical compound (placed at Baltimore (where Michael J. Sofia was born))Invented or discovered by: Michael J. Sofia. 2007 Sofosbuvir 2007, Raymond F. Schinazi. N/A N/A N/A SMhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofosbuvir
• Laurent Lantieri2008 · French plastic surgeon (placed at 8th arrondissement of Paris)2008 – Laurent Lantieri performs the first full face transplant .https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Lantieri
• Evolocumab2014 · Pharmaceutical drug (placed at Thousand Oaks (Amgen headquarters))Made by: Amgen. 2014 Evolocumab 2015 2035 MAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolocumab
• Tisagenlecleucel2014 · Gene therapy medication (placed at Basel (Novartis headquarters))Made by: Novartis. 2014 Tisagenlecleucel 2017 2037 ACThttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisagenlecleucel
• Charles R. DrewBlood banking · American surgeon and medical researcher (1904–1950) (placed at Washington, D.C.)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_R._Drew
• Daniel Hale WilliamsOpen-heart surgery, 1893 · American cardiologist (1856–1931) (placed at Hollidaysburg)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Hale_Williams
• GlycerolChemical compound (placed at Stralsund (where Carl Wilhelm Scheele was born))Invented or discovered by: Carl Wilhelm Scheele. 600 B.C. Glycerol , produced Glycerolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerol
• Henrietta LacksHeLa cells · African-American woman (1920–1951), source of HeLa immortal cell line (placed at Roanoke)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks
• Onesimus (Bostonian)Smallpox inoculation, 1721 · African man enslaved in Boston (placed at Boston)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onesimus_%28Bostonian%29