Race laws by state

Jim Crow examples, at each capitol. 38 points on the WW9 Atlas, oldest first, each with its source.

Open this layer on the map

• Massachusetts: 1705: The Massachusetts colonial legislature passes law prohibiting marriage and fornicati…1705 · Massachusetts capitol (where the law was made)1705: The Massachusetts colonial legislature passes law prohibiting marriage and fornication between negroes or mulattoes and whites. In 1786, the ban on fornication was removed, but the ban on mixed marriages was expanded to include Indians.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jim_Crow_law_examples_by_state
• Massachusetts: 1840–1850: Public schools in the communities of Salem, Nantucket, and Boston, Massachusett…1840 · Massachusetts capitol (where the law was made)1840–1850: Public schools in the communities of Salem, Nantucket, and Boston, Massachusetts, were separated on racial criteria. In 1855 segregation in public education was officially abolished with a law by the Massachusetts legislature.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jim_Crow_law_examples_by_state
• Florida: 1865: Railroad statute – "Negroes or mulattoes who intruded into any railroad car reserved…1865 · Florida capitol (where the law was made)1865: Railroad statute – "Negroes or mulattoes who intruded into any railroad car reserved for white persons would be found guilty of a misdemeanor." Whites faced the same penalty for entering a car reserved for persons of color.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jim_Crow_law_examples_by_state
• Florida: 1873: Barred public accommodation segregation statute – prohibited discrimination on accou…1873 · Florida capitol (where the law was made)1873: Barred public accommodation segregation statute – prohibited discrimination on account of race in the full and equal enjoyment of public accommodations such as inns, public transportation, theaters, schools, cemeteries and places of public amusement. This did not include private schools or cemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jim_Crow_law_examples_by_state
• Florida: "The schools for white children and the schools for Negro children shall be conducted sepa…1885 · Florida capitol (where the law was made)"The schools for white children and the schools for Negro children shall be conducted separately." Integrated education was prohibited in Florida's Constitution of 1885.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jim_Crow_law_examples_by_state
• Florida: 1885: Education (constitution) – "White and colored children shall not be taught in the sa…1885 · Florida capitol (where the law was made)1885: Education (constitution) – "White and colored children shall not be taught in the same school."https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jim_Crow_law_examples_by_state
• Florida: 1887: Education (constitution) – white and colored children were prohibited from being tau…1887 · Florida capitol (where the law was made)1887: Education (constitution) – white and colored children were prohibited from being taught in the same schools.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jim_Crow_law_examples_by_state
• Florida: 1887: Railroads statute – "All respectable Negro persons" to be sold first-class tickets a…1887 · Florida capitol (where the law was made)1887: Railroads statute – "All respectable Negro persons" to be sold first-class tickets at the same rates as white passengers and shall be provided a separate car "equally as good and provided with the same facilities for comfort as for white persons." Conductors and railroad companies violating thhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jim_Crow_law_examples_by_state
• North Carolina: "Books shall not be interchangeable between the white and colored schools but shall contin…1889 · North Carolina capitol (where the law was made)"Books shall not be interchangeable between the white and colored schools but shall continue to be used by the race first using them." (written in 1889)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jim_Crow_law_examples_by_state
• Florida: 1895: Education [Statute] – a Penal offense for any persons to conduct any school, any gra…1895 · Florida capitol (where the law was made)1895: Education [Statute] – a Penal offense for any persons to conduct any school, any grade, either public or private where whites and blacks are instructed or boarded in the same building or taught in the same class by the same teachers. Penalty: Between $150 and $500 fine, or imprisonment in the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jim_Crow_law_examples_by_state
• Alabama: The Alabama constitution of 1901 separated school houses for African Americans and White p…1901 · Alabama capitol (where the law was made)The Alabama constitution of 1901 separated school houses for African Americans and White people.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jim_Crow_law_examples_by_state
• Maryland: 1904: "All railroad companies and corporations, and all persons running or operating cars …1904 · Maryland capitol (where the law was made)1904: "All railroad companies and corporations, and all persons running or operating cars or coaches by steam on any railroad line or track in the State of Maryland, for the transportation of passengers, are hereby required to provide separate cars or coaches for the travel and transportation of thehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jim_Crow_law_examples_by_state
• Florida: 1905: Streetcars [Statute] – Separation of races required on all streetcars.1905 · Florida capitol (where the law was made)1905: Streetcars [Statute] – Separation of races required on all streetcars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jim_Crow_law_examples_by_state
• Florida: 1907: Railroads [Statute] – Separate waiting rooms for each race to be provided at railroa…1907 · Florida capitol (where the law was made)1907: Railroads [Statute] – Separate waiting rooms for each race to be provided at railroad depots along with separate ticket windows. Also called for a separation of the races on streetcars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jim_Crow_law_examples_by_state
• Florida: 1909: Railroads [Statute] – Separate accommodations required by race.1909 · Florida capitol (where the law was made)1909: Railroads [Statute] – Separate accommodations required by race.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jim_Crow_law_examples_by_state
• Florida: 1913: Education [Statute] – Unlawful for white teachers to teach Negroes in Negro schools,…1913 · Florida capitol (where the law was made)1913: Education [Statute] – Unlawful for white teachers to teach Negroes in Negro schools, and for Negro teachers to teach in white schools.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jim_Crow_law_examples_by_state
• Mississippi: Racial Integrity Act of 19241924 · Mississippi capitol (where the law was made)Racial Integrity Act of 1924https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jim_Crow_law_examples_by_state
• Florida: 1927: Education [Statute] – a Criminal offense for teachers of one race to instruct pupils…1927 · Florida capitol (where the law was made)1927: Education [Statute] – a Criminal offense for teachers of one race to instruct pupils of the other in public schools.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jim_Crow_law_examples_by_state
• Illinois: Chicago adopted racially restrictive housing covenants beginning in 1927. In 1948, the Uni…1927 · Illinois capitol (where the law was made)Chicago adopted racially restrictive housing covenants beginning in 1927. In 1948, the United States Supreme Court ruled that enforcement of racial restrictive covenants was unconstitutional.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jim_Crow_law_examples_by_state
• Alabama: "It shall be unlawful to conduct a restaurant or other place for the serving of food in t…1934 · Alabama capitol (where the law was made)"It shall be unlawful to conduct a restaurant or other place for the serving of food in the city, at which white and colored people are served in the same room unless such white and colored persons are effectually separated by a solid partition extending from the floor(s) upward to a distance of sehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jim_Crow_law_examples_by_state
• Florida: 1958: Education [Statute] – County boards of education may adopt a regulation for closing …1958 · Florida capitol (where the law was made)1958: Education [Statute] – County boards of education may adopt a regulation for closing schools during emergencies. Schools to close automatically when federal troops used to prevent violence.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jim_Crow_law_examples_by_state
• Florida: 1958: Public Carrier [Statute] – Races to be segregated on public carriers.1958 · Florida capitol (where the law was made)1958: Public Carrier [Statute] – Races to be segregated on public carriers.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jim_Crow_law_examples_by_state
• Florida: 1967: Public accommodations [City Ordinance] – Sarasota passed a city ordinance stating th…1967 · Florida capitol (where the law was made)1967: Public accommodations [City Ordinance] – Sarasota passed a city ordinance stating that "Whenever members of two or more races shall be upon any public...bathing beach within the corporate limits of the City of Sarasota, it shall be the duty of the Chief of police or another officer...in chargehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jim_Crow_law_examples_by_state
• Florida: The following is a list of legislation and penalties dealing with racial relations in Flor…1967 · Florida capitol (where the law was made)The following is a list of legislation and penalties dealing with racial relations in Florida, some of which were in effect until passage of Florida's current Constitution in 1967:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jim_Crow_law_examples_by_state
• Florida: "All courtships between a white person and a Negro person, or between a white person and a…Florida capitol (where the law was made)"All courtships between a white person and a Negro person, or between a white person and a person of Negro descent to the fourth generation inclusive, are hereby forever prohibited"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jim_Crow_law_examples_by_state
• Florida: "Any Black man and white woman, or any white man and/or Negro woman, who are not married t…Florida capitol (where the law was made)"Any Black man and white woman, or any white man and/or Negro woman, who are not married to each other, who shall habitually live in and occupy in the nighttime the same room shall each be punished by imprisonment not exceeding twelve (12) months, or by fine not exceeding five hundred ($500.00) dollhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jim_Crow_law_examples_by_state
• Mississippi: "Every person... operating... any public hall, theater, opera house, motion picture show o…Mississippi capitol (where the law was made)"Every person... operating... any public hall, theater, opera house, motion picture show or any place of public entertainment or public assemblage which is attended by both white and colored persons, shall separate the white race and the colored race and shall set apart and designate... certain seathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jim_Crow_law_examples_by_state
• Mississippi: "The conductors or managers on all such railroads shall have power, and are hereby require…Mississippi capitol (where the law was made)"The conductors or managers on all such railroads shall have power, and are hereby required, to assign to each white or colored passenger his or her respective car, coach or compartment. If the passenger fails to disclose his race, the conductor and managers, acting in good faith, shall be the sole https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jim_Crow_law_examples_by_state
• Mississippi: "printed, typewritten or written matter urging or presenting for public acceptance or gene…Mississippi capitol (where the law was made)"printed, typewritten or written matter urging or presenting for public acceptance or general information, arguments or suggestions in favor of social equality or of intermarriage between whites and Negroes, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and subject to fine not exceeding five hundred (500.00) dolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jim_Crow_law_examples_by_state
• Missouri: "Separate free schools shall be established for the education of children of African desce…Missouri capitol (where the law was made)"Separate free schools shall be established for the education of children of African descent; and it shall be unlawful for any colored child to attend any white school, or any white child to attend a colored..."https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jim_Crow_law_examples_by_state
• New Mexico: "Separate rooms [shall] be provided for the teaching of pupils of African descent, and [wh…New Mexico capitol (where the law was made)"Separate rooms [shall] be provided for the teaching of pupils of African descent, and [when] said rooms are so provided, such pupils may not be admitted to the school rooms occupied and used by pupils of Caucasian or others descent."https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jim_Crow_law_examples_by_state
• North Carolina: "The state librarian is directed to fit up and maintain a separate place for the use of th…North Carolina capitol (where the law was made)"The state librarian is directed to fit up and maintain a separate place for the use of the colored people who may come to the library to read books or periodicals."https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jim_Crow_law_examples_by_state
• South Carolina: "Any circus or other such traveling show exhibiting under canvas or out of doors for gain …South Carolina capitol (where the law was made)"Any circus or other such traveling show exhibiting under canvas or out of doors for gain shall maintain two main entrances to such exhibition, and one shared persons attending such show or traveling exhibition shall pass in and out of the entrance provided for colored persons."https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jim_Crow_law_examples_by_state
• South Carolina: "Electric railways outside of the corporate limits of cities and towns shall have authorit…South Carolina capitol (where the law was made)"Electric railways outside of the corporate limits of cities and towns shall have authority to separate the races in their cars, and the conductors in charge of said cars are hereby authorized and directed to separate the races in said cars under their charge and control."https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jim_Crow_law_examples_by_state
• South Carolina: "It shall be unlawful for any parent, relative, or other white person in this State, havin…South Carolina capitol (where the law was made)"It shall be unlawful for any parent, relative, or other white person in this State, having the control or custody of any white child, by right of guardianship, natural or acquired, or otherwise, to dispose of, give or surrender such white child permanently into the custody, control, maintenance, orhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jim_Crow_law_examples_by_state
• South Carolina: "It shall be unlawful for any white man to intermarry with any woman of either the Indian …South Carolina capitol (where the law was made)"It shall be unlawful for any white man to intermarry with any woman of either the Indian or negro races, or any mulatto, mestizo, or half breed, or for any white woman to intermarry with any person other than a white man, or for any mulatto, half-breed, Indian, negro or mestizo to intermarry with ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jim_Crow_law_examples_by_state
• South Carolina: "No persons, firms, or corporations, who or which furnish meals to passengers at station r…South Carolina capitol (where the law was made)"No persons, firms, or corporations, who or which furnish meals to passengers at station restaurants or station eating houses, in times limited by common carriers of said passengers, shall furnish said meals to white and colored passengers in the same room, or at the same table, or at the same counthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jim_Crow_law_examples_by_state
• South Carolina: "That it shall be unlawful for any person, firm or corporation engaged in the business of …South Carolina capitol (where the law was made)"That it shall be unlawful for any person, firm or corporation engaged in the business of cotton textile manufacturing in this State to allow or permit operatives, help and labor of different races to labor and work together within the same room, or to use the same doors of entrance and exit at the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jim_Crow_law_examples_by_state