Ayubale / San Luis (Apalachee) ↔ Charleston captive market1702–1706Captive route. Moore's Carolina raids carry about 1,000 Apalachee, Timucua and Guale mission people to Charleston as captives; some are sold north and to the Caribbean, where they appear in records as 'Indian' and later 'negro.' The Carolina Indian captive trade before 1715 exports more people than Alan Gallay, The Indian Slave Trade (2002); Hann (1988)
Croatoan ↔ Lumbee1709–2026Shared people (argued). Lawson in 1709 records Hatteras people saying their ancestors could 'talk in a book'; North Carolina's 1885 'Croatan' act adopts the Lost Colony descent story for the Robeson County people; the Lumbee today cite Cheraw and Siouan descent first. The Croatoan link is held by soLawson (1709); Lowery (2018), ch. 1. Disputed; settle by Hatteras-Robeson genealogy, not by the 1885 act
Pocotaligo (Yamasee) ↔ Fort Mose1715–1763Alliance. After the 1715 war the Yamasee settle around St. Augustine; escaped Carolina captives travel with and among them; Menéndez's Mose militia and the Yamasee towns are the Spanish frontier's defense together.Ramsey, The Yamasee War (2008); Landers (1999)
Kiawah / Stono (Cusabo) ↔ Stono River rising1739Renamed. The largest rising of held people in the colonies begins Sept 9, 1739 on the Stono River, named for the Stono people whose land it was; the Kongo-led marchers head for Spanish Florida and Fort Mose.Mark Smith ed., Stono: Documenting and Interpreting a Southern Slave Revolt (2005); Waddell (1980)
Cheraw / Drowning Creek ↔ Lumbee settlements, Robeson County1750–2026Shared people. Families on Drowning Creek descended from Cheraw and other nations are entered as 'free persons of color' in the 1790 census and 'mulatto' through 1860; North Carolina names them 'Croatan Indians' in 1885, 'Cherokee of Robeson County' in 1913, and 'Lumbee' in 1956. The Lumbee call thihttps://www.lumbeetribe.com/history
Kiawah / Cusabo (Charleston harbor) ↔ Charleston free people of color (Brown Fellowship, 1790)1790–1860Shared people. Charleston's free people of color include families of Indigenous captive descent recorded 'mustee' in the 1700s and 'free colored' by 1790; the 1848 city census and parish registers carry the 'mustee' label into the 1850s. Needs deep research on named families.Charleston city census 1848; Waddell (1980). Open: settle by tracing 'mustee' entries in St. Philip's and St. Michael's registers
Cuscowilla / Okahumpka (Micanopy's town) ↔ Pilaklikaha1813–1836Alliance. Abraham's town of Pilaklikaha sits beside Micanopy's Seminole town; its people farm, keep cattle, and pay a share to Micanopy, and Abraham serves as interpreter at the 1832–33 treaties and as a war leader in 1835–36. Bartram had already recorded Black residents at Cuscowilla in 1774.Porter, The Black Seminoles (1996); Bartram, Travels (1791); Weik (2002)
Anhaica / Apalachee missions ↔ Prospect Bluff (Negro Fort)1814–1816Alliance; same ground. On the Apalachicola, Apalachee ground emptied by the 1704 raids, the British arm Red Stick Creeks, Seminoles, Choctaws and about 300 escaped Black people; after the British leave, the fort under Garçon is the largest free Black settlement in the South until U.S. gunboats destrMillett, The Maroons of Prospect Bluff (2013); https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/prospect-bluff.htm
Angola ↔ Red Bays, Andros (Bahamas)1821–2026Refuge. Angola survivors cross to the Bahamas in dugouts and Bahamian wrecker boats; the British settle them at Red Bays on Andros in 1821, where descendants (the Bowleg family among them) hold the first Back to Angola festival in Bradenton in 2018.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola,_Florida
Coweta ↔ Angola1821Captive route. McIntosh's Coweta raid on Angola carries about 300 people north as captives; some are sold in Georgia, some kept by Creek headmen. The same Coweta leader signs the Indian Springs cession four years later and is executed by the Creek council. Taken in war: McIntosh's Coweta raid on AngBrown (2005); https://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/treaty-of-indian-springs-1825/
Cahokia (American Bottom) ↔ Brooklyn, Illinois (Lovejoy)1829–2026Same ground. Priscilla Baltimore leads eleven families across the river in 1829 to found Brooklyn on the American Bottom, the floodplain of Cahokia's mound city; incorporated 1873, it is the oldest Black-majority incorporated town in the U.S. Its ground is inside the Cahokia settlement zone.Sundiata Cha-Jua, America's First Black Town: Brooklyn, Illinois (2000); https://cahokiamounds.org/
Nanih Waiya (Choctaw) ↔ Choctaw freedmen and Black Choctaw, Mississippi and Indian Territory1830–1906Shared people. Black people held in Choctaw households go west under the 1830 Dancing Rabbit Creek treaty; the 1866 treaty promises adoption; the Dawes freedmen roll (1898–1906) lists Choctaw freedmen apart from Choctaw 'by blood'; Mississippi Choctaw who stayed intermarried with Black neighbors andTreaty of 1866 (Choctaw and Chickasaw), Art. 3; Dawes Final Rolls, National Archives; Katherine Osburn, Choctaw Resurgence in Mississippi (2014)
New Echota / Chota (Cherokee) ↔ Cherokee Freedmen communities, Indian Territory1835–2026Shared people. Black people held by Cherokee families, and Black Cherokee kin, walk the Trail of Tears in 1838; the 1866 treaty makes freedmen citizens of the Cherokee Nation; the 1907 Dawes rolls list them separately 'by blood' and 'freedmen'; the Cherokee Supreme Court restores freedmen citizenshiTreaty of 1866, Art. 9; Cherokee Nation v. Nash (D.D.C. 2017); Tiya Miles, Ties That Bind (2005)