WW9 / Atlas index / Captive routesCaptive routes Where the held were sent. 113 points on the WW9 Atlas, oldest first, each with its source.
Open this layer on the map Guanahani (San Salvador, Bahamas) → Castile (Spain) 1492–1493 Lucayan (Taíno). Number: 6 (documented: 'six Indians' reached Spain). Taken by: Christopher Columbus. Captives seized on first voyage; one stayed and died within two years, three died on return voyage.https://www.zinnedproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Rethinking-Columbus-Timeline-Only.pdf Ayiti (La Isabela, Hispaniola) → Castile (Spain) 1494 Taíno / Kalinago. Number: unknown (ships of Feb 1494; count garbled in source). Taken by: Columbus; fleet sent back to Castile. Men, women and children sent back on returning ships; number needs deep research (Columbus memorial to the Crown).https://www.zinnedproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Rethinking-Columbus-Timeline-Only.pdf Ayiti (La Isabela, Hispaniola) → Seville (Spain) 1495 Taíno. Number: Disputed: Cuneo account often given as ~550 shipped of ~1,500-1,600 seized; Wikipedia gives 150 aboard; about half died at sea. Taken by: Columbus; Antonio de Torres fleet (12 ships, left Feb 1495). Britannica confirms Torres left La Isabela 2 Feb 1495 with captives 'most of whom diedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_genocide Ayiti (La Isabela, Hispaniola) → Castile (Spain) 1496 Taíno. Number: unknown; incl. cacique Caonabo (died en route). Taken by: Christopher Columbus. Two ships carried Taíno prisoners in March 1496; how many others died unknown.https://www.zinnedproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Rethinking-Columbus-Timeline-Only.pdf Lucayan islands (Bahamas) → Castile (Spain) 1500 Lucayan. Number: 232. Taken by: Amerigo Vespucci. Lucayans taken to Spain and sold.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucayan_people Beothuk coast (Newfoundland/Labrador) → Lisbon (Portugal) 1501 Beothuk (probable). Number: 57 (7 on first caravel Oct 1501, ~50 on second). Taken by: Gaspar Corte-Real expedition (Portugal). Pasqualigo letter 19 Oct 1501; captives sold to finance the voyage.https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/amerbegin/contact/text1/gcreal.pdf Lucayan islands (Bahamas) → Ayiti (Puerto Plata / Puerto Real, north coast) 1509–1513 Lucayan. Number: up to 40,000 (estimate). Taken by: Spanish slaving ships under 1509 order of Ferdinand II. Taken to replace Taíno losses; landed at Puerto Plata/Puerto Real and split by investor shares (NHC doc). By 1520 only 11 Lucayans found in the islands.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucayan_people Lucayan islands (Bahamas) → Cubagua (pearl fisheries, Venezuela coast) 1510–1520 Lucayan. Number: unknown share of above (price rose to 100-150 gold pesos as divers). Taken by: Spanish pearl-fishery operators. Lucayan divers sent to Cubagua pearl beds; count not separated from Ayiti total.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucayan_people Chicora (Winyah Bay, South Carolina) → Ayiti (Santo Domingo, Hispaniola) 1521 Chicora (Siouan-speaking coast people). Number: ~71 (Francisco de Chicora + ~70). Taken by: Francisco Gordillo & Pedro de Quexos for Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón. Lured aboard; Diego Columbus commission declared them free but never returned them; most died within two years.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Chicora Huasteca (Pánuco) → Ayiti (Santo Domingo, Hispaniola) 1527–1533 Huastec (Téenek) and neighbors. Number: thousands (est.); >1,500 licenses of 15-50 captives each in 8 months. Taken by: Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán, governor of Pánuco. Captives exported to Caribbean colonies, at first only in exchange for livestock; island destinations not named in source (Ayiti/Cuba lihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu%C3%B1o_de_Guzm%C3%A1n Nicaragua (El Realejo) → Panamá (Panamá Viejo) 1527–1550 Nicarao, Chorotega and other Nicaraguan peoples. Number: Disputed: older estimates 200,000-500,000; Herrera ship records 1539-43 list only 601 on 44 departures. Taken by: Gov. Pedrarias Dávila, Rodrigo de Contreras, Pedro de los Ríos, shippers. Revisionist study argues huge totals logistically imposhttps://archivo.revistas.ucr.ac.cr//index.php/antropologia/article/download/36909/41302?inline=1 Panamá (Panamá Viejo) → Limaq (Lima, Peru) 1532–1550 Nicaraguan captives (re-shipped). Number: unknown. Taken by: Spanish shippers supplying Peru conquest. Onward leg of Nicaragua trade; scale tied to dispute above, needs deep research.https://archivo.revistas.ucr.ac.cr//index.php/antropologia/article/download/36909/41302?inline=1 Tiguex Pueblos (Bernalillo) → Tiguex Pueblos (Bernalillo) 1541 Tiwa (Tiguex Pueblos). Number: ~150 men, women, children made servants. Taken by: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado expedition. Held locally after fall of Tiguex; point movement.https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/76148/pg76148-images.html Mississippi River mouth → Huasteca (Pánuco) 1543 Mississippian peoples (de Soto route). Number: ~300 kept by survivors; ~500 freed at river mouth. Taken by: Luis de Moscoso and Soto expedition survivors. Captives taken along the 1539-43 route; ~300 carried on to Pánuco/New Spain.https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/76148/pg76148-images.html Chono archipelago (Guaitecas) → Chiloé (Castro) 1608–1700 Chono. Number: unknown. Taken by: Chiloé settlers using 1608 decree. Raids extended to the Chono archipelago.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuche_slavery Wallmapu / Araucanía (Concepción frontier) → La Serena (Chile) 1608–1683 Mapuche. Number: unknown. Taken by: Spanish raiders and soldiers. Captives exported north as far as La Serena.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuche_slavery Wallmapu / Araucanía (Concepción frontier) → Limaq (Lima, Peru) 1608–1683 Mapuche. Number: unknown (legal 'war captive' trade 1608-1683). Taken by: Spanish soldiers, Army of Arauco; maestre de campo Juan de Salazar; Gov. Acuña Cabrera. 1667 royal order freed Chile-captured Indians held in Peru, implying a sustained flow; totals need deep research.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuche_slavery Patuxet (Plymouth Colony) → Málaga (Spain) 1614 Patuxet (Wampanoag), Nauset. Number: 27 seized; 25 sold 22 Oct 1614. Taken by: Capt. Thomas Hunt. Sold to Juan Bautista Reales; 20 reclaimed by Málaga's corregidor; Tisquantum among them.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squanto Guairá Jesuit missions (Paraná) → Piratininga (São Paulo) 1628–1631 Guaraní (Jesuit reductions). Number: Disputed: ~2,500 (Tavares 1628), 5,000 captured / 1,200 arrived (Mbororé article); claims up to 100,000; Taunay 1,000-2,000. Taken by: Manuel Preto, Antônio Raposo Tavares (bandeirantes of São Paulo). Thirteen to twenty-one reductions destroyed; captives auctionehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mboror%C3%A9 Guairá Jesuit missions (Paraná) → Piratininga (São Paulo) 1628–1629 Guaraní. Number: claimed 60,000+ (unsourced estimate). Taken by: Antônio Raposo Tavares bandeira (2,000 allied Natives, 900 mamelucos, 69 Paulistas). Wikipedia attributes 'enslavement of over 60,000' to this bandeira; treat as high-end claim.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandeirantes Itatim missions (Mato Grosso do Sul) → Piratininga (São Paulo) 1632–1648 Guaraní / Itatim. Number: unknown. Taken by: Bandeirantes. Raids documented; no figure in sources opened.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mboror%C3%A9 Tape missions (Rio Grande do Sul) → Piratininga (São Paulo) 1636–1638 Guaraní (Tape missions). Number: unknown. Taken by: Raposo Tavares and other bandeirantes. Raids documented; counts need deep research (Monteiro, Blacks of the Land).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mboror%C3%A9 Pequot country (Mystic River) → Bermuda 1637–1640 Pequot. Number: unknown. Taken by: Massachusetts Bay. Bermuda was the ordered destination; St. David's Islanders claim descent from New England captives; deliveries need research.https://pequotwar.org/2012/02/did-you-know-after-the-pequot-war-pequot-women-children-were-sold-into-slavery-isle-of-nevis-bermuda-providence-isle/ Pequot country (Mystic River) → Providence Island (Isla de Providencia) 1637–1638 Pequot. Number: 17 (15 boys, 2 women). Taken by: Massachusetts Bay; ship Desire of Salem, Capt. (William) Peirce. Ordered to Bermuda, 'missed' it and sold at Providence Island; Desire returned Feb 1638 (with salt from Tortuga per Winthrop).https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/beginnings-of-ma-slave-trade.htm Sasqua swamp (Fairfield, Connecticut) → Narragansett country 1637 Pequot. Number: 30. Taken by: Colonies granted captives to Narragansett allies. Distribution of swamp-fight captives.https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/76148/pg76148-images.html Sasqua swamp (Fairfield, Connecticut) → Shawmut (Boston, Massachusetts Bay) 1637 Pequot. Number: 48 women & children to Massachusetts; 30 to Narragansett; rest to Connecticut. Taken by: Massachusetts Bay & Connecticut colonies. Of ~180 captured at the swamp fight; 20-30 men executed.https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/76148/pg76148-images.html Guale (St. Catherines Island, Georgia coast) → Westo towns, Savannah River (near Augusta) 1659–1680 Guale, Mocama (Spanish mission peoples). Number: unknown. Taken by: Westo raiders. Mission Santo Domingo de Talaje destroyed 1661; Santa Catalina abandoned 1680.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westo Westo towns, Savannah River (near Augusta) → Tsenacommacah (Jamestown, Virginia) 1659–1674 Guale, Mocama, other captives of Westo raids. Number: unknown. Taken by: Westo raiders trading to Virginia planters. Captives traded to Virginia for guns before Woodward redirected Westo trade to Carolina.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westo Esopus (Kingston, New York) → Kòrsou (Curaçao) 1660 Esopus (Munsee Lenape). Number: unknown ('some of their captives'). Taken by: Dutch West India Company council under Petrus Stuyvesant. Council order 29 June 1660 for transport of Esopus prisoners to Curaçao.https://encyclopedia.nahc-mapping.org/node/5398 Narragansett country → Barbados 1660 Narragansett. Number: 4. Taken by: United Colonies of New England. Ordered sent to Barbados to be sold.https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/76148/pg76148-images.html Kiawah lands (Charles Town, Carolina) → Barbados 1670–1715 Many Southeastern nations. Number: part of Gallay's 24,000-51,000 (estimate); Barbados 1684 count 72 Indian captives (undercount). Taken by: Carolina traders/merchants (Goose Creek Men etc.). Barbados the primary island named in sources; 1747 governor reported none remaining.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_slave_trade_between_Barbados_and_South_Carolina Kiawah lands (Charles Town, Carolina) → Barbados 1670–1715 All Carolina exports (aggregate). Number: 24,000-51,000 (Gallay estimate). Taken by: South Carolina traders & allied raiders (Westo, Savannah, Yamasee, Creek, Chickasaw). Aggregate flow; Gallay: more than African arrivals in SC over same period. Destination row set to Barbados as main hub; other islhttps://commonplace.online/article/great-indian-slave-caper/?print=pdf Kiawah lands (Charles Town, Carolina) → Wadadli (Antigua) 1670–1715 Southeastern nations. Number: unknown. Taken by: Carolina traders. Antigua named in brief but not confirmed in sources opened; needs deep research (Gallay ch. on exports).https://commonplace.online/article/great-indian-slave-caper/?print=pdf Kiawah lands (Charles Town, Carolina) → Xaymaca (Jamaica) 1670–1725 Southeastern nations. Number: unknown share of Gallay total. Taken by: Carolina traders; 1725 SC assembly order. 1725 assembly ordered an Indian sold for transfer to 'Bermuda, Jamaica or Barbadoes'.https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/76148/pg76148-images.html Pawnee country (Platte/Missouri) → Tiohtià:ke (Montreal, New France) 1671–1760 Pawnee and other 'panis' (also Cree, Assiniboine). Number: ~1,000 Indigenous held in Montreal; ~4,000 enslaved in New France incl. Black (Trudel); Rushforth: perhaps 10,000 Indigenous over a century (est.). Taken by: French colonists via Illinois & other allied nations; legalized by Raudot 1709. Maihttps://ville.montreal.qc.ca/memoiresdesmontrealais/des-esclaves-montreal Stono River (Kussoe/Stono lands) → Kiawah lands (Charles Town, Carolina) 1674–1680 Kussoe / Stono. Number: unknown. Taken by: Gov. Joseph West (Carolina). Stono war captives sold to traders.https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/76148/pg76148-images.html Westo towns, Savannah River (near Augusta) → Kiawah lands (Charles Town, Carolina) 1674–1680 Westo-raided peoples. Number: unknown. Taken by: Westo; Henry Woodward (Carolina proprietors' agent). 1674 Woodward alliance redirected captives to Charles Town.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westo Patuxet (Plymouth Colony) → Barbados 1675–1676 Wampanoag, Nipmuc, Narragansett. Number: 188 sold by Plymouth 25 Jun 1675-23 Sep 1676 for £397 13s; hundreds overall. Taken by: Plymouth & Massachusetts Bay; merchants from Boston and Newport. Plymouth total from Lauber; Barbados named as destination for Plymouth captives by Mises/Fisher summary.https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/76148/pg76148-images.html Patuxet (Plymouth Colony) → Cádiz (Spain) 1675 Wampanoag. Number: 178-200. Taken by: Plymouth Colony; Capt. Thomas Sprague/Spragg, ship Sampson. Sent Sept 1675 to be sold at Cádiz.https://nativenortheastportal.com/node/3091 Shawmut (Boston, Massachusetts Bay) → Bermuda 1675–1677 Wampanoag and allies. Number: unknown. Taken by: Massachusetts Bay. Males over 14 shipped to Bermuda and West Indies.https://www.voanews.com/usa/enslaved-native-americans-played-central-role-1600s-new-england-households Shawmut (Boston, Massachusetts Bay) → Faial (Azores) 1675–1676 Wabanaki (coastal Maine) and others. Number: unknown. Taken by: New England shippers. Landed at Faial in the Azores.https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/76148/pg76148-images.html Shawmut (Boston, Massachusetts Bay) → Xaymaca (Jamaica) 1675–1677 Wampanoag, Nipmuc, Narragansett. Number: hundreds (documented, not exact). Taken by: Massachusetts Bay merchants. Jamaica a key destination; Metacom's wife and son sold to West Indies.https://commonplace.online/article/indian-slavery-in-new-england/?print=pdf Wampanoag at Dartmouth (Apponagansett) → Patuxet (Plymouth Colony) 1675 Wampanoag (Dartmouth). Number: ~160. Taken by: Plymouth Colony. Sold and transported out of the country (Aug 1675).https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/76148/pg76148-images.html Wampanoag at Sandwich (Manomet) → Patuxet (Plymouth Colony) 1675 Wampanoag (Sandwich). Number: 57. Taken by: Plymouth Colony court. Condemned to perpetual servitude.https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/76148/pg76148-images.html Cocheco (Dover, New Hampshire) → Faial (Azores) 1676 Pennacook, Wabanaki ('strange Indians'). Number: ~200 sold abroad; 17 on the Endeavor to Faial. Taken by: Maj. Richard Waldron (indicted, acquitted). Seized at Cocheco Sept 1676 under truce; 7-8 executed.https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/76148/pg76148-images.html Shawmut (Boston, Massachusetts Bay) → Tangier (North Africa, English garrison) 1676–1677 Wampanoag and allies. Number: several dozen (incl. galley rowers for Charles II's navy). Taken by: New England colonies / English Crown. Some built the fort at Tangier.https://commonplace.online/article/indian-slavery-in-new-england/?print=pdf Rio Negro / Solimões (Amazonia) → Belém do Pará 1680–1755 Amazonian peoples (Rio Negro, Solimões). Number: unknown (licensed resgates tabulated in study). Taken by: Portuguese tropas de resgate, licensed colonists. Ransom expeditions supplied Belém and São Luís; figures in USP Revista de História study, not extracted.https://www.scielo.br/j/rh/a/gRyNTzYM7VfpsRdN78rntWL/abstract/?lang=en Westo towns, Savannah River (near Augusta) → Barbados 1680–1682 Westo (Erie remnant). Number: hundreds (documented, not exact). Taken by: Carolina colonists, Savannah (Shawnee) allies. Westo defeated in Westo War and auctioned at Charles Town, shipped to Caribbean incl. Barbados.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westo Cape Fear (North Carolina) → Manahatta (New York) 1685 Cape Fear peoples. Number: 4. Taken by: New York vessel. Kidnapped and sold in New York.https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/76148/pg76148-images.html Seloy (St. Augustine, Spanish Florida) → Havana (Cuba) 1687 Yamasee. Number: unknown. Taken by: Spanish Florida officials. Spaniards tried to send Yamasee to the West Indies; Yamasee revolted. Whether ships sailed needs research.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamasee Choctaw towns (east-central Mississippi) → Kiawah lands (Charles Town, Carolina) 1690–1702 Choctaw. Number: 500 women and children taken; 1,800 killed (Iberville, 1702). Taken by: Chickasaw raiders sponsored by English/Carolina traders. French report via Choctaw Nation historians.https://www.choctawnation.com/news/iti-fabvssa/story-of-a-choctaw-pow-comes-to-light-after-300-years/ Kiawah lands (Charles Town, Carolina) → Aquidneck (Newport, Rhode Island) 1700–1715 Southeastern nations. Number: unknown. Taken by: Carolina merchants. RI 1712 duty of 40s per Indian imported.https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/76148/pg76148-images.html Kiawah lands (Charles Town, Carolina) → Bermuda 1700–1725 Southeastern nations. Number: unknown. Taken by: SC assembly. Named destination in 1725 order.https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/76148/pg76148-images.html Kiawah lands (Charles Town, Carolina) → Lenapehoking (New Jersey) 1700–1713 Southeastern nations. Number: unknown. Taken by: Carolina merchants. NJ 1713 £10 duty.https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/76148/pg76148-images.html Kiawah lands (Charles Town, Carolina) → Lenapehoking (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) 1700–1706 Southeastern nations. Number: unknown. Taken by: Carolina merchants. Pennsylvania barred importing Indian captives after 25 Mar 1706.https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/76148/pg76148-images.html Kiawah lands (Charles Town, Carolina) → Shawmut (Boston, Massachusetts Bay) 1700–1715 Southeastern nations ('Carolina Indians', 'Spanish Indians'). Number: unknown. Taken by: Carolina and New England merchants. 1708 report: Charles Town supplied Boston, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Virginia; MA, RI, NH, NJ, PA later passed duties/bans (1706-1714).https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/76148/pg76148-images.html Kiawah lands (Charles Town, Carolina) → Tsenacommacah (Jamestown, Virginia) 1700–1715 Southeastern nations. Number: unknown. Taken by: Carolina merchants; Saura sellers in Virginia. 1708 report; 1715 Saura sold Carolina captives in Virginia.https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/76148/pg76148-images.html Tiohtià:ke (Montreal, New France) → Ayiti (Cap-Français, Saint-Domingue) 1700–1800 Louisiana and Canada nations (aggregate). Number: ~500 (estimate, McClellan via Smyth). Taken by: French colonial officials and traders. Total Indigenous people from Louisiana and Canada sent to Saint-Domingue by 1800.https://oieahc.wm.edu/wp-content/uploads/SMYTH-Natchez-in-Saint-Domingue-1731-1791.pdf Tiohtià:ke (Montreal, New France) → Madinina (Martinique) 1700–1760 Panis / Plains peoples. Number: unknown ('many' shipped to French islands). Taken by: French colonists. Rushforth says many captives went to the French Caribbean; numbers need deep research.https://commonplace.online/article/making-slavery-in-new-france/?print=pdf Mocama (San Juan del Puerto, Fort George Island) → Kiawah lands (Charles Town, Carolina) 1702 Guale, Mocama. Number: unknown (500 sometimes cited; not confirmed). Taken by: Gov. James Moore's St. Augustine expedition. Remaining Guale/Mocama mission people destroyed; captives sold 1702-04 with some held by assembly order.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Moore_Sr. Potano Timucua (San Francisco de Potano) → Kiawah lands (Charles Town, Carolina) 1703 Timucua (Potano, Ocuya). Number: up to 500 (estimate). Taken by: Creek (Muscogee) raiders allied to Carolina. Raids on San Joseph de Ocuya and San Francisco de Potano.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apalachee_massacre Apalachee (San Luis de Talimali, Tallahassee) → Kiawah lands (Charles Town, Carolina) 1704 Apalachee. Number: Disputed: Moore claimed 4,300+; Gallay 2,000-4,000 (est.); Worth >1,200; McCrady ~1,400 (100 captive). Taken by: Col. James Moore with Creek allies. Battle of Ayubale and mission destruction; women and children majority.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apalachee_massacre Apalachee (San Luis de Talimali, Tallahassee) → Savannah River Apalachee settlements 1704–1715 Apalachee. Number: 300+ resettled; <650 counted in 1715. Taken by: James Moore / Carolina. Forced relocation to semi-servitude on Savannah River; Gallay thinks most of the rest were sold.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apalachee_massacre Calusa / Florida Keys (south Florida) → Kiawah lands (Charles Town, Carolina) 1704–1711 Calusa, Keys peoples (Jove, Tancha, Muspa, Jeaga). Number: ~35 in one documented raid; total unknown. Taken by: Yamasee and Creek (Uchise) raiders; trader Thomas Nairne reported. South Florida depopulated by raids; total needs deep research.https://pages.uwf.edu/jworth/WorthSEAC2003Calusa.pdf Kiawah lands (Charles Town, Carolina) → Barbados 1704–1710 Apalachee. Number: unknown. Taken by: Carolina merchants. Many Apalachee taken from Charleston to the West Indies (island unnamed).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Moore_Sr. Choctaw towns (east-central Mississippi) → Kiawah lands (Charles Town, Carolina) 1705–1711 Choctaw (and Chickasaw per French report). Number: 1705 French report: 800 Choctaw sold, 500 Chickasaw lost; 1711: 300 Choctaw women/children + 150 more. Taken by: English-allied Native raiders; Carolina traders. Lauber summarizing French and Carolina records.https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/76148/pg76148-images.html Chitimacha country (Bayou Teche) → Mobile (French Louisiana) 1706–1718 Chitimacha. Number: unknown (colony held 80 Indian captives in 1708). Taken by: Bienville; French colonists and Native allies. Twelve-year campaign after 1706 killing of Saint-Cosme; women and children held.https://64parishes.org/entry/indian-slavery Mobile (French Louisiana) → Madinina (Martinique) 1706–1708 Louisiana captives. Number: proposal: 3 Indians for 2 Africans. Taken by: Bienville. Exchange of Indigenous captives for Africans proposed 1706 and 1708; execution needs research.https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/76148/pg76148-images.html Panzacola (Pensacola) → Kiawah lands (Charles Town, Carolina) 1706–1707 Apalachee refugees near Pensacola. Number: unknown. Taken by: Carolina-allied raiders. Captives taken for sale after raid near Pensacola.https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/76148/pg76148-images.html Guyane (Cayenne) → Ayiti (Cap-Français, Saint-Domingue) 1708 Guyane peoples (Kalina etc.). Number: unknown. Taken by: French traders. Some sold in Saint-Domingue.https://oieahc.wm.edu/wp-content/uploads/SMYTH-Natchez-in-Saint-Domingue-1731-1791.pdf Bulbancha (New Orleans) → Ayiti (Cap-Français, Saint-Domingue) 1711–1715 Louisiana nations (unspecified). Number: unknown. Taken by: French Louisiana officials. Minor conflicts led to captives sent to Cap-François.https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/76148/pg76148-images.html Calusa / Florida Keys (south Florida) → Havana (Cuba) 1711 Calusa and allied south Florida peoples. Number: ~270 (200 died within months). Taken by: Spanish evacuation at Calusa chief's request. Refuge flight from captive raids, not a sale; settled at La Cabaña.https://pages.uwf.edu/jworth/WorthSEAC2003Calusa.pdf Nooherooka (Tuscarora fort, North Carolina) → Kiawah lands (Charles Town, Carolina) 1711–1715 Tuscarora. Number: ~1,000 sold by war's end; Nooherooka 1713: 392 burned/killed, 558 killed or captured. Taken by: Col. John Barnwell (1712), Col. James Moore Jr. (1713), Yamasee & other allies. Main Tuscarora captive flow to Charles Town market.https://www.ncpedia.org/nooherooka-tuscarora-war Shinnecock / Southampton (Long Island) → Madeira (Funchal) 1711 Shinnecock area (Southampton). Number: 1 free woman. Taken by: Kidnappers. Sold in Madeira, later returned to New York.https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/76148/pg76148-images.html Meskwaki country (Fox River, Wisconsin) → Waawiiyaatanong (Detroit) 1712–1716 Meskwaki (Fox). Number: ~1,000 taken (mainly by Illinois); 'scores' to French. Taken by: Illinois and other French allies; French at Detroit. Sold at Detroit for goods and credit; Meskwaki became a main source of St. Lawrence captives.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Wars Waawiiyaatanong (Detroit) → Tiohtià:ke (Montreal, New France) 1712–1760 Meskwaki, Plains peoples. Number: unknown. Taken by: French traders. Onward movement from Detroit into Canada.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Wars Bath (North Carolina) → Barbados 1713 Tuscarora. Number: unknown. Taken by: North Carolina council. Council negotiated purchase of Indians for shipment to the West Indies; island unnamed.https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/76148/pg76148-images.html Chitimacha country (Bayou Teche) → Bulbancha (New Orleans) 1718–1726 Chitimacha and others. Number: 229 Indigenous captives in 1726 census (all nations). Taken by: French colonists. Census snapshot of Indigenous people held in Louisiana.https://64parishes.org/entry/indian-slavery Bulbancha (New Orleans) → Madinina (Martinique) 1719 Mississippi valley men. Number: 2. Taken by: French Louisiana. Sent to Martinique; governor dismissed them from the army.https://oieahc.wm.edu/wp-content/uploads/SMYTH-Natchez-in-Saint-Domingue-1731-1791.pdf Kiawah lands (Charles Town, Carolina) → London (England) 1719 Choctaw (Okchalincha). Number: 1. Taken by: Trader John Pight. Choctaw warrior sold in Carolina, exhibited in London, then Paris.https://www.choctawnation.com/news/iti-fabvssa/story-of-a-choctaw-pow-comes-to-light-after-300-years/ Dakota country (Minnesota) → Tiohtià:ke (Montreal, New France) 1720–1742 Dakota (Sioux). Number: unknown (children found in Montreal households 1742). Taken by: French traders and allies. Sioux delegates found their children held in Montreal in 1742.https://commonplace.online/article/making-slavery-in-new-france/?print=pdf Southern Plains (Osage/Pawnee/Lipan lands) → Natchitoches (Louisiana) 1720–1803 Osage, Pawnee, Lipan Apache, Wichita. Number: unknown. Taken by: French then Spanish Louisiana traders. Plains captives entered Louisiana via Natchitoches; O'Reilly banned trade 1769.https://64parishes.org/entry/indian-slavery London (England) → Dresden (Saxony) 1723–1724 Choctaw (Okchalincha). Number: 1. Taken by: John Pight sold him to Augustus of Saxony. Baptized 'Friedrich Christian'; given to Russian court; last record Oct 1724.https://www.choctawnation.com/news/iti-fabvssa/story-of-a-choctaw-pow-comes-to-light-after-300-years/ Kansa country (Kansas River mouth) → Illinois Country (Kaskaskia) 1724 Plains captives bought from Kansa. Number: 26 (15 + 6 + 5 gift). Taken by: Étienne de Véniard de Bourgmont. Purchased on Missouri expedition.https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/76148/pg76148-images.html Yazoo towns (lower Yazoo River) → Kiawah lands (Charles Town, Carolina) 1729–1735 Yazoo. Number: many men (unknown). Taken by: Chickasaw raiders selling to Carolina traders. After Natchez war.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazoo_people Natchez Grand Village (Fort Rosalie) → Bulbancha (New Orleans) 1730–1731 Natchez. Number: ~450 brought to New Orleans; 438 held after 1731 campaign. Taken by: Gov. Étienne Périer; French and Choctaw/Tunica allies. Women and children kept on Louisiana plantations; others shipped.https://oieahc.wm.edu/wp-content/uploads/SMYTH-Natchez-in-Saint-Domingue-1731-1791.pdf Bulbancha (New Orleans) → Ayiti (Cap-Français, Saint-Domingue) 1731 Natchez. Number: small number on Le Gironde (most killed after shipboard revolt). Taken by: Ship Le Gironde, French Company of the Indies. Left New Orleans Jan 1731; survivors' fate unknown.https://oieahc.wm.edu/wp-content/uploads/SMYTH-Natchez-in-Saint-Domingue-1731-1791.pdf Bulbancha (New Orleans) → Ayiti (Cap-Français, Saint-Domingue) 1731 Natchez. Number: 291 embarked; 160 alive at Cap-Français. Taken by: Ship La Vénus. May 1731; Natchez chiefs incl. St. Cosme seen at Le Cap by Bienville in 1733.https://oieahc.wm.edu/wp-content/uploads/SMYTH-Natchez-in-Saint-Domingue-1731-1791.pdf Bulbancha (New Orleans) → Ayiti (Cap-Français, Saint-Domingue) 1731 Natchez (incl. Great Sun, Little Sun). Number: Disputed: 400+ (Lauber), 480 (Barbados page), ~387 boarded (Smyth). Taken by: Gov. Périer / French Louisiana. Aggregate of Natchez transported to Ayiti; Smyth's ship-level figures are best evidence.https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/76148/pg76148-images.html Meskwaki country (Fox River, Wisconsin) → Guyane (Cayenne) 1734–1735 Meskwaki (Fox). Number: 3 (two chiefs and a woman). Taken by: Governor of New France; refused at Martinique. Shipped toward Martinique, refused, sent to Guyane; fate unknown.https://oieahc.wm.edu/wp-content/uploads/SMYTH-Natchez-in-Saint-Domingue-1731-1791.pdf Southern Plains (Osage/Pawnee/Lipan lands) → Belén / Tomé (New Mexico) 1740–1793 Genízaros (Apache, Comanche, Navajo, Pawnee, Kiowa, Ute). Number: up to 1/3 of 29,041 New Mexico colonial pop. in 1793 (est.); ~60 families at Belén/Tomé 1778. Taken by: Spanish New Mexico; Franciscan baptism/ransom system. Genízaro settlements at Belén, Tomé, Valencia, San Miguel del Vado etc.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen%C3%ADzaro Southern Plains (Osage/Pawnee/Lipan lands) → Waawiiyaatanong (Detroit) 1741 Plains village peoples. Number: unknown (young women). Taken by: 'Nation of the Serpent' raiders selling to French. Seventeen villages destroyed; young women sold to French.https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/76148/pg76148-images.html Abiquiú (New Mexico) → Comanchería (Llano Estacado) 1747 Nuevomexicano and genízaro women and children. Number: 23. Taken by: Comanche raiders. Reverse flow: captives taken from Abiquiú.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiqui%C3%BA,_New_Mexico Comanchería (Llano Estacado) → Tuatah (Taos) 1750–1800 Apache, Pawnee, Wichita and other Plains captives. Number: unknown (1770: female captive = two good horses). Taken by: Comanche traders; New Mexican buyers at Taos fair. Captives ransomed into New Mexican households owed 10-20 years service; became genízaros.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen%C3%ADzaro Ogha Po'oge (Santa Fe) → Abiquiú (New Mexico) 1754 Genízaros. Number: 34 families. Taken by: Gov. Tomás Vélez Cachupín (land grant). Frontier buffer settlement; later Ute fair where captive children were bought.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiqui%C3%BA,_New_Mexico Seloy (St. Augustine, Spanish Florida) → Guanabacoa (Cuba) 1763 Florida mission Indians. Number: 89. Taken by: Spanish evacuation when Florida passed to Britain. Displacement, not sale; included for map context.https://pages.uwf.edu/jworth/WorthSEAC2004.pdf Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka Sound) → Chinook (Columbia River mouth) 1774–1850 Various coastal peoples. Number: captives 10-35% of many NW Coast populations (Donald, est., low confidence). Taken by: Columbia River trade network. Network ran Nootka Sound to Shasta/Klamath.https://ojs.library.ubc.ca/index.php/bcstudies/article/download/1792/1838/0 Mēxihco-Tenōchtitlan (Mexico City) → Chalchiuhcuecan (Veracruz) 1789–1810 Apache. Number: unknown. Taken by: Viceregal government. Transit port for Havana deportations.https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/americas/article/deportation-of-barbarian-indians-from-the-internal-provinces-of-new-spain-17891810/B5752A5ECA27E5CCBED34160D86A40B1 Mēxihco-Tenōchtitlan (Mexico City) → Havana (Cuba) 1789–1810 Apache and other 'barbarian' (unconquered) nations. Number: unknown. Taken by: Viceroys Revillagigedo, Branciforte, Iturrigaray; Havana officials. Archer (1973) documents deportations to Veracruz and Havana; totals behind paywall, need deep research.https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/americas/article/deportation-of-barbarian-indians-from-the-internal-provinces-of-new-spain-17891810/B5752A5ECA27E5CCBED34160D86A40B1 Chihuahua → Mēxihco-Tenōchtitlan (Mexico City) 1790–1792 Apache. Number: 74 (Díaz de Luna transport) + 82 (Moreno transport). Taken by: Comandante Gen. Pedro de Nava; Alférez Miguel Díaz de Luna; Sgt. Valentín Moreno. Prisoner chain-gangs (colleras) to Mexico City; archive item summaries.https://uamr.lib.arizona.edu/keywords/prisoners-deportation Chilkat country (Lynn Canal) → Lingít Aaní (Tlingit country, Sitka) 1800–1880 Chilkat Tlingit. Number: 18 women (one raid, 28 canoes). Taken by: Tikana raiders. Single documented raid from Olson's ethnography.https://cascadefrontier.substack.com/p/silent-slavery Coast Salish (Whulge / Puget Sound) → Haida Gwaii 1800–1860 Coast Salish. Number: unknown. Taken by: Haida raiding canoes (up to 1,000 miles). Raids continued after border set; declined after 1856.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Port_Gamble Coast Salish (Whulge / Puget Sound) → Lingít Aaní (Tlingit country, Sitka) 1800–1860 Coast Salish. Number: unknown. Taken by: Tlingit (Kake etc.) raiders. Northern network: Chugach to Vancouver Island.https://ojs.library.ubc.ca/index.php/bcstudies/article/download/1792/1838/0 Klamath country (Upper Klamath Lake) → Wasq'u (The Dalles, Columbia River) 1800–1855 Shasta, Pit River captives. Number: unknown. Taken by: Klamath traders. Exchanged at The Dalles for horses and goods.https://historicoregoncity.org/?p=409 Shasta / Pit River country (Achomawi) → Klamath country (Upper Klamath Lake) 1800–1855 Shasta, Pit River (Achomawi). Number: unknown. Taken by: Klamath (and Modoc) raiders. First leg of the 'slave trail'.https://historicoregoncity.org/?p=409 Wasq'u (The Dalles, Columbia River) → Chinook (Columbia River mouth) 1800–1855 Southern Oregon/California captives. Number: unknown. Taken by: Chinookan traders. Resold to coastal peoples for canoes.https://historicoregoncity.org/?p=409 Southern Paiute country (Parowan/Cedar City) → Ogha Po'oge (Santa Fe) 1813–1851 Southern Paiute. Number: 30-40 women & children per year (est.). Taken by: Ute raiders (Walkara's band), New Mexican traders on Old Spanish Trail. Earliest documented: 1813 Arze-García expedition.https://www.onlinenevada.org/sites/default/files/IndianSlaveTrade_VanHoak_1998.pdf Dinétah (Navajo country) → Ogha Po'oge (Santa Fe) 1821–1868 Diné (Navajo). Number: Diné leaders said 'over half the tribe' held in Mexican households (claim). Taken by: New Mexican raiders, Ute allies, traders. By 1821-1880 almost all genízaros were of Navajo ancestry per article; counts need Brooks, Captives and Cousins.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen%C3%ADzaro Southern Paiute country (Parowan/Cedar City) → Yaanga (Los Angeles) 1830–1851 Southern Paiute. Number: unknown. Taken by: New Mexican traders, Ute sellers. Captives sold in Alta California via Old Spanish Trail.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Utah Northern Mexico (Chihuahua/Durango/Coahuila) → Comanchería (Llano Estacado) 1831–1848 Mexicans (incl. Indigenous and mestizo northerners). Number: 852 captives in 44 recorded raids. Taken by: Comanche, Kiowa, Kiowa Apache raiders. Captives ransomed or held in Comanchería.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comanche-Mexico_War Northern California (Sacramento Valley / Clear Lake) → Yaanga (Los Angeles) 1850–1863 California nations (children especially). Number: up to 10,000 kidnapped and sold (est.). Taken by: Kidnappers under 1850 Act for Government and Protection of Indians. Children sold $30-150 in Los Angeles.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_for_the_Government_and_Protection_of_Indians Southern Paiute country (Parowan/Cedar City) → Manti (Utah Territory) 1851–1862 Southern Paiute, Ute. Number: ~400 held in Utah by 1857 (est.); each of Parowan's 100 households held a child by 1853. Taken by: Walkara; Mormon settlers under 1852 Act. Boys ~$100, girls $150-200.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Utah Dinétah (Navajo country) → Bosque Redondo (Fort Sumner) 1864–1866 Diné (Navajo). Number: 8,000+ deported; some abducted by captive traders en route. Taken by: US Army (Carleton, Carson). Long Walk; abductions on route documented, number unknown.https://www.nmlegis.gov/Sessions/15%20Regular/memorials/senate/SM128.html